Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Essay Example

Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature Paper Throughout our study of political theory this semester there seems to be a recurring theme prevalent in each of the readings, that being an attempt to explain and characterize human nature. The concept of human nature relies on the idea that there is an innate set of characteristics shared by all humans which explain the way people act, feel, or even think. As a political scientist, its important to question what causes these characteristics to exist, if at all, as they are of great importance when trying to understand the vast political structure and all of the underlying factors which allow politics to function. I would also argue that the understanding of the concept of human nature is also crucial when discussing the realm of human society, as the idea of human nature provides the standard for how people can functionally coexist with one another while also determining whether or not an individual has lead a good life or not. Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli provide the best accounts of true human nature, as both men suggest that humans, by nature, are corrupt, self-interested, and are destined to destroy themselves and the people around them in an attempt to achieve their own desires, ideas which one can still see practiced in modern day capitalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes, Machiavelli and human nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In his writing of Leviathan, Hobbes describes the individual human as a highly sophisticated machine, in which all of the inner-workings described as mechanical functions (Leviathan, p. 9). Hobbes relation of a human to a machine provides the jumping off point for his belief regarding what drives human actions. Hobbes claims that certain appetites or desires come about in the human experience and that these desires must be dealt with, and that each individual will choose to act upon these appetites in an effort to achieve their own self-preservation (Leviathan, p. 39). This view that it is human nature to act upon the desires which are most prevalent in our lives raises the idea that humans are innately self-interested, if not selfish. Hobbes acknowledges that the natural human inclination to act independently of one another while promoting self-interests results in a perpetual state of war through which men will attempt to conquer one another to achieve personal desires (Leviathan, p. 88-89). The state of war proposed by Hobbes results in a way of life that is solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short (Leviathan, p.89). The self-interested behavior that humans innately exhibit according to Hobbes, seems to draw a direct modern day parallel to the actions undertaken by many in Americas current capitalistic economic system, an issue which I will tackle farther along in my paper, but now I will turn to another cynic of human nature, Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli, perhaps even more so than Hobbes, had a very pessimistic view regarding human nature which is quite relevant throughout the numerous chapters of The Prince. For one can say this generally of men: that they are ungrateful, fickle, pretenders and dissemblers, evaders of danger, eager for gain. While you do them good, they are yours, offering you their blood, property, lives, and children when the need for them is far away; but, when it is close to you, they revolt. (The Prince, p. 66) Here Machiavelli provides an obviously destructive criticism of human nature, in that men innately are beings that will turn on one another at the drop of a hat when things arent going the way they wish them to. The statement that men are also eager for gain is also very telling in that Machiavelli believes, similar to the thought process of Hobbes, that it is human nature to act in a self-interested manner, where all that really matters is individual prosperity rather than social well-being. Machiavelli continues his assault on the nature of men when stating, love is held by a chain of obligation, which, because men are wicked, is broken at every opportunity for their own utility (The Prince, p. 66). Machiavelli here makes several ascertations regarding human nature, some similar to the beliefs presented by his first quote. First that the affection and trustworthiness of men is constantly on a tipping scale, in affluent times men can be trusted and are capable of love towards others, whereas when harsh times befall men, then will act to deceive and revert back to their selfish nature in order to gain a leg up in society. In reference to the chain of obligation being broken, Machiavelli is stating that it is human nature for men to break the ties which bind them to certain obligations when they see fit, and the breaking of these bonds shows how untrustworthy human beings truly are. Machiavelli yet again questions the trustworthiness and the self-interests of human nature by stating and if all men were good, this teaching would not be good; but because they are wicked and do not observe faith with you.. (The Prince, p. 69). Machiavelli again postulates that by human nature men are wicked, and in this instance in referring to the fact that men cannot be trusted because they do not share the same desires that the Prince may have. The idea that due to human nature men cannot be trusted again rears its ugly head. Finally I present a fourth and final quote from Machiavelli in regards to his thoughts of human nature: Truly it is a very natural and ordinary thing to desire to acquire, and always, when men do it who can, they will be praised or not blamed; but when they cannot, and wish to do it anyway, here lie the error and the blame. (The Prince, p. 14-15) Machiavelli again takes aim at the innate human desire to acquire wealth and material possessions for himself, but also at those who attempt to obtain such things. Another idea presented here is that one aspect of human nature is to glorify those who can achieve their goals, while at the same time admonishing those who, for some circumstance, werent able to achieve a certain goal. This statement says a lot regarding human nature, in that through achievement of goals one might obtain some sort of power, and it is human nature to admire any form of power regardless of how it can about. Machiavellis opinion of human nature is one that is cynical and at times dreadful, but in referencing his beliefs to the modern day acts of those in America, I dont think he was far off. Works Cited 1. ) Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan https://reserves. lib. ncsu. edu/reservesViewer. php? reserve=158326 Accessed 2/22/10 2. ) Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago, IL: The U of Chicago P, 1998. Print.

My experience to study speech Essays

My experience to study speech Essays My experience to study speech Essay My experience to study speech Essay Essay Topic: 7th Grade 9th Grade Autobiography of My Mother Everybody learns moral values from different experiences of his/her life. Here is an experience, which was a turning point to my life. My speech was a laughable to listeners when I was in my 9th grade year. Learning how to speak in front of a crowd was a most significant moment in my life because I learned basic skills like speaking, facing an audience, and memorizing sentences. My English teacher paved the way for me to be a better speaker. It all started when she told me to speak some words about my achievements in school life in front of a crowd. I felt so nervous, and I said al the achievements the wrong way. When I moved in front of the crowd, my heart beat increased. My hands became sweaty. I felt so cold. I thought to say many good things about my teachers, but I spoke all the wrong things. I did not know what happened to me. My speech became laughable in the class. The teacher understood my problem. She told me about her first experience of speech in her class. In her first speech, she felt so nervous and cried in front of the crowd. It happened in her 7th grade year. Her experience relaxed me, but I was still feeling so depressed. My cheer came to me and sat with me. She taught me about thesis and writing techniques. She gave me a book to learn the basic skills of speech. I bought books to learn basic skills of speech. Every day, I spent some time reading the text books for speech. I watched many speeches on television and the Internet. From the speeches, I gained great knowledge about major issues facing society. One day I watched a speech by A. B. J. Abdul Koalas, the ex-president of India. The speech was about his dreams about a developed India. I felt patriotic when I watched the speech. I was inspired to be able to give a speech like him, so I practiced my speech by speaking in front of a mirror, and with time I became better. Research and practice helped me to speak better. With help from my mother, I studied the basic skills of facing an audience. She taught me some meditation tips to lower fear. I performed my second speech on Independence Day at our students club celebration, but the audience did not give me a positive feedback. When my mother saw me crying in my room, she came in to calm me down. She motivated me by telling a story about the first speech f Mahatma Gandhi, the father of India. He became so nervous when he performed his first speech at the age of 28. When he began to speak, he felt so nervous that he could not say a single word. It was an interesting story. I also experienced similar feelings. I read the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi, and I learned more about him. I learned how to face audiences from the book. M. K Gandhi was a lawyer, and one incident in the book influenced me was that his first case in the court room. While speaking in front of the crowd, he became so nervous and anxious. All of them gauged and his client scolded him. This incident make him a better speaker and his story gives me courage to face audience. In order to reduce fear, I learned basic skills of meditations like yoga, which is a generic term for the physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines, originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace. Yoga is a Sanskrit word which means union and is interpreted as union with the divine. More meditation gave me more peace and friend. I was not good at remembering things. Once, I met a man who worked with y dad. He has a B. A in psychology. He taught me different techniques of memorization. I studied different ways to remember things. There are many different ways to study long paragraphs, long patterns of words, timeliness, etc. The most interesting way to help memorization is story making. With this method I make a story by connecting words or sentences in essays. I include the most interesting characters in the story, so that way, I cannot forget the story or essay. I learned this technique to learn essays for speeches. The memorizing tips also help me to prepare or exams. First, I learned basic skills of speech from my high school English teacher. Second, I learned how to face an audience without fear. Third I learned how to memorize essays and long speeches. All of these techniques helped me to win in a speech competition. I performed my third speech with a lot of confidence and without fear. When I stood in front of a big crowd, I did not feel any anxiety. The speech titled Torturing to Indian Women in Our Society. I included recent incidents and other major issues in society. I got more knowledge about these things from Abdul Salaams speech. I also mentioned his dreams about India, which was a main point. My speech was an encouraging one to all. I was proud of myself. Everybody appreciated me. I got 500 rupees cash award on that speech. This was the most joyful moment in my life. Self-confidence, hard work, and courage are valuable in life. I learned this lesson from my lifes experience. My speech was a turning point in my life. My experiences to learn speech techniques not only helped me to learn how to speak, but also, I learned moral values to become a perfect man.

Comparing and Contrasting Business Systems in Japan and China Essay

Comparing and Contrasting Business Systems in Japan and China - Essay Example The country’s economy is diverse unlike Japan’s which relies mostly on industries. China depends mostly on agriculture, industries and its cultural heritage (Zheng, 2013). The rate of economic change in China is relatively higher compared to that of Japan. Although Japan has had a significant growth in the late 20th century, China has improved its economic growth in the 21st century in a way that has made it among the best performers in the world. Natural disasters that have hit Japan for the last ten years have left the country at a loss in terms of its economic performance. The country, however, manages to retain a significant rate of economic growth. China has mostly relied on its population and size of the country for much of its improvement in terms of economic development (Blackford 2008, p. 25). China’s economic capabilities can be seen to be way ahead that of Japan. The country has more potential to grow into a super-economy. As mentioned earlier, the mai n challenge facing Japan remains the series of natural disasters that the country has faced. The disasters have left the country in economic turmoil considering the levels it managed to reach in the late 20th century. Japan can be seen to have employed the theory of development of management in a more efficient way than China (Zheng, 2013). This can be attributed to the capitalistic nature of the country. The theory underlines the fundamental guidelines that should be followed in order to have efficient management of businesses. This includes clearly outlining the goals of the business and distancing the business from its owner(s). The extent of owner involvement in the running of businesses in the two countries is... A business system can be defined as a methodical procedure or process used by owners of factors of production as a delivery mechanism for providing goods and services to customers. An efficient business system has the potential of accelerating economic growth in a country while still rewarding owners of the factors of production. On the other hand, a country that adopts inefficient business systems may lug behind in terms of economic growth. This calls for business systems analysts to be involved in the adoption and use of the various business systems in a country. The rate of economic change in China is relatively higher compared to that of Japan. Although Japan has had a significant growth in the late 20th century, China has improved its economic growth in the 21st century in a way that has made it among the best performers in the world. The country, however, manages to retain a significant rate of economic growth after the natural disasters. China has mostly relied on its population and size of the country for much of its improvement in terms of economic development. Japan and China are two of the leading economies in Asia. The countries have both similarities and differences in their business systems. Japan is purely a capitalistic state. China, on the other hand, is both a socialistic and capitalistic state. Although Japan’s capitalistic system has helped it achieve major economic goals, the threat posed by natural disasters still remains a major concern to the country’s economy. China, on the other hand, should adopt a purely capitalistic system in order to realize its full potential in the business sector. This is realistic considering the tremendous levels it has reached with a system that does not work efficiently in the business sector.

Obesity in Kuwait Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity in Kuwait - Research Paper Example Data taken on the temporal changes in BMI and prevalence of obesity are even more so (Al†Asi). Women in Kuwaiti have been exposed to extreme physical as well as social variations in society in the past few years, and there has not been any study of this nature that has been carried out on them (Al†Asi). The main aim of this study is to respectively explore temporal changes in mean prevalence of obesity and BMI between the two independent samples of 1171 and1705 women of Kuwait between the ages of 18 years and older that were studied in1980-1981 and 1993-1994 (Al-Mahroos). 3- In Kuwaiti, white rice is the staple food both in the past and currently. It is believed that people in Kuwait take white rice once or twice in a day mostly for lunch and at times for dinner too (El-Bayoumy). Though there is no data on the average consumption of rice, data on the population consumption of the intake of rice is not available, data suggests that 17%of total energy available is consumed from white rice (El-Bayoumy) 1- There were two independent studies that were used to analyze and compare the temporal changes in the prevalence of obesity and BMI among the women in Kuwaiti BMI (Al-Awadi).The first study was a national study of 1171 women which was completed in 1980-1981 as it dealt mainly with the â€Å"Nutrition Status Assessment of Adults.† The second study to be carried out was a cross-sectional study of 1705 women which was completed in 1993-1994 and it was based on assessing the prevalence of obesity among Kuwaitis (Al-Awadi). The sample carried out between 1980-1981 sample of 1171 women was gotten from 17 randomly selected primary health care from the clinics situated in all of Kuwaiti five regions and sampling was taken randomly in accordance to the Kuwaiti’s population sex ratio (El-Bayoumy). The samples were divided among the clinics and the division was defined proportionally by the size of the area that was reserved by each of

Nursing theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing theory - Essay Example JBI is a research institute located within the University of Adelaide in the region of Southern Australia; it is a non profit research area and is a member based organization (JBI, 2012). The purpose of the organization is to work in collaboration with 70 international entities for the expansion and support of health car system and health care services provided throughout the world. These three organizations are very essential for the development and the progress of the profession of nursing. These facilities provide services of research and development to the profession of nursing and these institutes promote the notion of high quality health care services through their research activities. These organizations have even taken the responsibility of bring technological advancements to the health care systems throughout the world in order to provide effective and efficient means of treatment to patients. All these organizations are very important for the future of the profession of hea lth care and the well being of individuals throughout the

Effects of Training Hours on Cardiovascular System

Effects of Training Hours on Cardiovascular System Imran Osman The effect of the average training hours per week on the cardiovascular fitness of sport participants: Studies such as that by Shannan E. Gormley et al. (2008) and Tabata et al. (1996) clearly show that exercise and regular training have a positive effect on the heart (circulatory system) and the respiratory system and therefore on the cardiovascular fitness of the individual. The aim of this study was to further endorse and determine the effect that training hours have on cardiovascular fitness of sport participants. Both the resting heart rates and VO2 max of sport performers were taken into account when measuring the cardiovascular fitness. Frequent training is of key importance for sport participants. Regular training should increase the aerobic fitness of the performer due to increasing their VO2 max and decreasing their resting heart rate. The hypothesis suggested that an increase in average training hours per week would results in an increase in VO2 max and decrease in heart rate. This is based on the fact that ‘VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen that the body can utilise per minute during intense exercise’ (Elizabeth Quinn, 2011) which is said to be an accurate measure of cardiovascular fitness. Resting heart rate is also a determinant of the fitness of sport participants. The resting heart rate of those who exercise and train more frequently should be lower because less effort is needed from the heart to pump blood.(Source?) Found this as a source; can’t find a author though.  http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/physical-activity/exercises-effects-on-the-heart.html Try to f ind a journal that says it because they prefer you to use peer reviewed sources Fifty sport participants, 25 male and 25 female took part in the study. The experiments included measurements of each participant’s VO2 max, resting heart rate and average training hours per week in their specific sport. In addition to this, alcohol intake and whether or not the participants smoked were recorded, as all of these factors may affect the results. Ethical issues were considered before the tests on these subjects were carried out. For example participants had given informed consent, they understood their role in the experiment, as well as having the choice to withdraw at any time. The subjects had volunteered to take part and were not pressurised to participate. If the participants had an injury or disease they would not be chosen to take part as this may have adversely affect their health during the experiment and have a negative impact on results. VO2 max was measured using the ‘Astrand 6 minute cycle VO2 max test’ which was performed using a cycle ergometer. A heart rate monitor, weighing scales and a stopwatch were also required. Resting heart rate is the number of beats per minute when the performer is at complete rest (Elizabeth Quinn, 2011), and was measured using the heart rate monitor. Many experiments involving the measurement of VO2 max have used the Astrand cycle test such as that by R.E. Cink et al.(1981) and it was said to be successful, also a study by G. Keren et al.(1980) on the Comparison of Various Methods for the Determination of VO2 max came to the conclusion that the Astrand-Rhyming procedure can be a reliable measure for maximal oxygen consumption. Therefore this test was chosen for the investigation. Before each participant carried out the test, the seat height was adjusted appropriately where the knee was almost straight and the pedalling position made to be comfortable for the subject. In advance to the participant took part in a 3 minute warm-up. The initial cycle work rate was set to 125 kilogram-force meter/minute. This setting was chosen as it was appropriate when looking at the age of each participant also this setting should raise the participant’s heart rate to 130-160bpm after 2 minutes cycling at 50rpm before the test starts. The participants would start the test on command and the stopwatch was then started. The performer(s) pedalled at 50rpm for 6 minutes whilst maintaining their heart rate between 120-170 bpm. The heart rate was chosen to be maintained at this range as recommended by G. Keren (1980), who is one of many others who carried out studies using the Astrand technique. He said that the procedure can only be a reliable measure for maximal oxygen consu mption if done properly in the way that Astrand, (1985) carried it out so that heart rate should be kept between 120-170 beats/min. The participant’s heart rate was recorded each minute and after 2 minutes if the participant’s heart rate was not in the target range of 120-170bpm then the work rate wattage was adjusted accordingly. The heart rate rose to a level in the target range and then levelled off, staying relatively constant during the last few minutes of exercise. After 6 minutes the test stopped and the final work rate wattage was recorded. To estimate VO2 max using this protocol, the Astrand-Ryhming nomogram was used, similar to the study by Stephen. F.Siconolfi (1985), where the nomograph technique is carried out where the heart rate (left of nomograph) is plotted and then the workload (right of nomograph), which helps find the VO2 max (middle of nomograph). Once the estimated VO2 max value had been determined the calculation-based formula was used where the estimated VO2 max value was multiplied by the appropriate correction factor (based on age). A treadmill or a stationary bike could have been used to measure the VO2 max and it was important to stay with the same apparatus for each participant to maintain an accurate and fair test. The bicycle ergometer was chosen over the treadmill because it is less expensive, requires less space and is easily transported. It also makes it easier to take heart rate or attach an ECG and requires little training or practice. Furthermore, mechanical efficiency of individuals on stationary bikes varies less than the mechanical efficiency of during running protocols. It is also relatively easy to calculate the external work done on a bike, whereas the work done on a treadmill could be quite variable. Due to variation in mechanical efficiency of a treadmill, bike tests were seen to be better at identifying differences between subjects VO2 max. The mean resting heart rates and mean VO2 max of each participant (male and female) were calculated. As well as the standard deviations of resting heart rate and VO2 max, to see the number of variations that can exist from the average and to determine how numbers varied and how spread out they are. Results: The average resting heart and average VO2 max of each participant as well as the standard deviations: Note; (Do Quantitative comparison; here)-comparing males and females vo2 and resting HR?.. Table of general results: Subject number Gender Average Training Hours per week VO2 Max (ml/kg/min) Resting HR (bpm) 1 Female 20 48 54 2 Female 9 44 59 3 Female 22 32 74 4 Female 18 41 66 5 Female 6 35 69 6 Female 18 36 69 7 Female 16 42 65 8 Female 10 42 67 9 Female 12 47 66 10 Female 8 41 66 11 Female 24 50 61 12 Female 14 31 75 13 Female 20 60 48 14 Female 18 59 48 15 Female 18 41 66 16 Female 20 60 56 17 Female 12 48 64 18 Female 11 41 65 19 Female 10 43 63 20 Female 26 46 61 21 Female 22 67 40 22 Female 16 54 50 23 Female 16 36 69 24 Female 16 56 62 25 Female 12 50 57 26 Male 18 39 68 27 Male 8 43 68 28 Male 12 46 66 29 Male 9 47 62 30 Male 16 46 58 31 Male 16 38 72 32 Male 16 44 58 33 Male 12 40 60 34 Male 20 42 58 35 Male 22 41 68 36 Male 18 44 60 37 Male 16 55 56 38 Male 16 34 69 39 Male 18 44 65 40 Male 14 35 69 41 Male 18 62 43 42 Male 20 45 70 43 Male 9 34 75 44 Male 16 44 54 45 Male 8 38 67 46 Male 8 32 70 47 Male 9 43 63 48 Male 14 43 55 49 Male 18 60 53 50 Male 10 47 62 Imran I don’t think you need the info for every subject, just the averages. Otherwise there’s too much data to read. The results vaguely show that as the number of training hours increase, the cardiovascular fitness for both genders increases. Figure 1 vaguely shows that the VO2 max increases for both genders, and figure 2 vaguely shows that for both genders as the average number of training hours increases the resting heart rate decreases. Figures 1 and 2 show that there was a large variation in results and that the results are not all close to the line of best fit, the data has anomalies, although there is a weak correlation. The variation could be down to factors such as the participants smoking and/ or having high alcohol intake, therefore affecting the VO2 max and resting heart rate. The participants may also have carried out different types of training and training in a way that was specific to their individual sports. Their activities may have been aerobic or anaerobic training and this was not taken into account. The biggest limitation is the fact that the results are varied and not all are similar, there are many outliers, and as discussed this may be due to the differing types of training of the participants and so a future recommendation would be to carry out the experiment with a sample of participants who have preferred sports of which are only anaerobic or only aerobic. Shannan E. Gormley et al. (2008) undertook a similar study to determine the effects of regular aerobic training on VO2 max and resting heart rate, and whether various intensities of aerobic training differentially affected VO2 max as well as resting HR and resting blood pressure. Sixty one healthy young adults took part in the study, they were matched for sex and VO2max and were randomly assigned to a moderate, vigorous near-maximal-intensity, or a non- exercising control group. Intensity during exercise was controlled by having the subjects maintain target HR. Exercise volume was controlled across the three training groups by varying duration and frequency. Fifty-five subjects completed a 6-wk training protocol on a stationary bicycle ergometer and pre and post testing. The researchers concluded that VO2 max had significantly increased in all exercising groups ‘by 7.2, 4.8, and 3.4 ml/kg/min in the near-maximal, the vigorous, and the moderate-intensity groups, respectively’. Therefore showing that Vo2 max increases with intensity of exercise as well as frequency of exercise. Other studies show similar results. Carleton B. Chapman and Robert. S. Frazer (1954) implies that regular exercise training increases cardiovascular function of an individual by increasing their cardiac output and therefore lowering the resting heart rate of the individual. A trial performed by Tabata et al. (1996) showed that after two experiments involving individuals whom are also young sport participants that took part in training programmes, and that after this regular training VO2 max of these individuals increases significantly. In conclusion, the results do not follow the hypothesis in that the data does not clearly show correlations of the effect of average training hours on the resting heart rates and VO2 max of this group of people. This however is only for this specific group of people and may be down to other factors influencing these results such as their alcohol intake, if they smoke or not, and also more importantly, what is involved in their training. One participant may be mainly focusing on agility, whilst another on strength. Furthermore, their particular sporting activity may be aerobic or anaerobic which may have affected the results also. Moreover, this sample size was small also, which means that the results cannot be generalised. References: Elizabeth Quinn. (2011). What Is VO2 Max. [Online] [Accessed 20/02/2014] Available from: http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/a/VO2_max.htm. Elizabeth Quinn. (July 26, 2011). Resting Heart Rate. [Online] [Accessed 20/02/2014] Available: http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/qt/Resting-Heart-Rate.htm. Tabata et al. (1996). (Department of Physiology and Biomechanics, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, JAPAN) Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and  ·VO2max. [Online] [Accessed 20/02/2014] Available from : http://jeffosadec.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/effects-of-moderate-intensity-endurance-and-high-intensity-intermittent-training-on-anaerobic-capacity-and-e280a2vo2max.pdf. Carleton B. Chapman and Robert S. Frazer. (1954). Studies on the Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Function: Cardiac Output and Mean Circulation Time. [Online] Last accessed 19/02/2014.Available from: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/9/1/57.full.pdf+html Shannan E. Gormley et al.(2008) Effect of Intensity of Aerobic Training on VO2max. [Online] [Accessed 20/02/2014] Available from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576846 REFERENCE THE ONES BELOW CORRECTLY.. -STEVEN F. SICONOLFI, CAROL EWING GARBER, THOMAS M. LASATER AND RICHARD A. CARLETON (1985) http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/121/3/382.full.pdf+html R.E. Cink, T.R. Thomas. (1981) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858756/pdf/brjsmed00255-0036.pdf EXERCISES EFFECTS ON THE HEART, New york times http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/physical-activity/exercises-effects-on-the-heart.html -A comparison of various methods for the determination of VO2max. Keren G, Magazanik A, Epstein Y. (1980). VO2 max ;(use this to replace all throughout essay) Usefull links? http://www.sportsci.org/jour/0101/cf.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2644030 http://www.sfu.ca/~leyland/Kin343%20Files/Bike%20Lab.pdf http://library.crossfit.com/free/pdf/52_06_VO2_Not_Gold_Standard.pdf Links to do with the method/ Amstrad test;†¦ http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072844221/123981/laba3_3.pdf and http://web.sls.hw.ac.uk/teaching/level3/A33TT3/A33TT3/Practical%202%20Astrand%20Rhyming.prn.pdf http://www.brianmac.co.uk/cycle6min.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQ2adzoaVdI (This link here will help find studies using the test; )=http://www.vo2konsulten.se/artiklar/dan_andersson_astrand_ryhming.pdf

American History Essays Boston Tea Party -- American America History

Boston Tea Party: A Fight for Freedom Imagine you are a merchant in Boston selling imported goods from England with a high tax on them, when three ships come in with 342 chests of tea without planning to pay the middleman tax. That's how it was for many merchants in Boston. The East India Tea Company went bankrupt due to the dropping rate of tea sales in America because of the increasing rate of smuggling. The government's lack of support, and the newly passed Tea Act, only kindled more resentment towards the British from the colonists. This finally resulted in approximately three groups of fifty men going aboard the three British ships and dumping the tea into the Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was more an act towards self-government and displaying their rights rather a way to gain revenge at England. The West India Tea Company found themselves bankrupt due to the amount of smuggled tea America was buying. People were buying smuggled tea because it was so much cheaper than the tea England was forcing them to buy. The company's plan was to select three major cities in America to get rid of their competition. They would hire other handlers in Philadelphia, Charleston, and New York. By having the tea sold in America, they could avoid the high taxes of England. After they had eliminated their other competitors, they would charge much more for the tea that they were selling (Francis 1). When the colonists heard that the East India Company was selling tea to these cities, almost all of them were furious and wanted England to be aware of it. The patriots worried that they would start liking England because of the better tea prices (Maier 516). Soon tea was shipped to America for distribution to agents of the company, who ... ...me of need, and the passing of the Tea Act only created more resentment and created more resentment towards England. The citizens were feeling that they had no more rights left, and that England was completely taking over their new country so they acted in what has been called the Boston Tea Party. The colonists were outraged by the disrespect they were shown from England. It was only an act towards freedom, not revenge and should be treated as such. Works Cited Tyler, John. "The Boston Tea Party." (Online) Available http://aol/bostonteaparty.html "Boston Tea Party." Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Funk & Wagnall's Corporation, 1996. Maire, Pauline. "Boston Massacre." World Book Encyclopedia. 1982. Francis, Thomas. Liberty. New York: North American Printing Company, 1993. Fleming, Wyatt. "The Revolution." (Online) Avaialble http://usa.revolution/

Wasted years

This Is certainly a period somewhat unique as unlike the ass and ass, Britain did not experience a recession. Therefore It can be argued that the 13 years were not wasted In regards to the economy, as successive Tory governments managed to keep the economy healthy. However, although on the surface the economic situation looked promising, In reality the 13 years of Tory rule were unable to stem Britain's relative economic decline. Chancellors across this period often employ a system of â€Å"stop-go† economics whereby the economy Is inhered with strategically in order to make political gains.This occurred in 1959 when Chancellor Butler gave tax cuts of El 34 million to the middle classes just in time for the election. Although this was politically successful it was not wise, as after the boom came the inevitable bust, leaving the economy weakened. In addition, the Conservatives governments continued the post-war policy of appeasing the trade unions. For instance: when Macmillan was faced with striking railways, he increased their pay by 5% instead of the recommended 3%.This avoided infiltration but was economically unsustainable, as seen by the strikes in the ass and ass. There was a trend of difficult decision being avoided. Operation ROBOT, a plan to restructure industry, was cancelled by Churchill, and industrial stagnation continued. Also notable is Macmillan refusal to cut spending, which in 1958 led to the resignation of Chancellor Theretofore and two other members of the treasury, Birch and Powell. Historians such as Barnett argue these were key missed opportunities which eventually led to the much greater problems of the sass.Overall, the Tory governments of the 13 years between 1951 and 1964 should be considered a waste in regards to economy as despite ensuring short term prosperity, they consistently failed to make tough long term decisions and restructure the economy. In foreign policy, there were also some successes, although they were few In number and as always there were not without their failures. Disconsolation finally became an issue during this time, particularly after Macmillan â€Å"winds of change speech†, which committed Britain to further disconsolation.This was a success, as It appeared Britain was finally realizing Its own significantly reduced role on the world stage and because it was accomplished despite tough opposition from many Conservative backbenchers. However, failures and missed opportunities seem to outweigh this success. â€Å"Delusions of grandeur† were seen throughout, notably when Churchill attempted to organism a three party conference between Brutal, the US, and the USSR, falling to recognize we were not a power on par with the other two. The US and a â€Å"post-Suez hangover† which reduced Britain's role on the world stage.However, most important is the fact that Britain failed to engage in the SEC while there was a chance – Churchill and Eden foolishly threw aw ay our chances of being at the heart of Europe during the â€Å"open door years†, which meant years left in the cold and Joining on poor terms in 1974. It is clear that in the areas of foreign policy, the years were somewhat wasted – through holding delusions of grandeur, pursuing foolish wars, and most importantly, â€Å"missing the bus† on Europe, which could have been a chance of escaping relative economic decline.In domestic affairs, Macmillan in particular can claim some notable success. All the Conservative governments retained and embraced the welfare state left by Tattle's Labor government, but Macmillan was able to extend on their work, building 300,000 new houses per year. In addition, the Conservatives only denominational steel, and Hennessey suggests that this allowed prosperity. Education was also improved, with poorer students being more able to gain grants for university. This was an admirable achievement in social mobility.However, immigration be came an increasingly worrying issue as the period went on. Marry argues that Conservative governments â€Å"locked the courage to speak out against immigration or the will to stop it†. Race riots occurred, such as in Noting Hill in 1958. In addition, the tripartite system of school was criticized as secondary moderns and technical schools were either neglected or sparse. Therefore, although the governments created an affluent society, they were also wasting opportunities in domestic policy.It could also be seen that the Conservatives only continued with leslies such as the welfare state to meet their own ends, rather than any actual ideological commitment. To conclude, it would be overly harsh to suggest that the thirteen years were solely wasted. Affluence increased, disconsolation was accepted, and by the end of the period the importance of the SEC had at least been realized. However, the Conservatives did waste opportunities through continuing with â€Å"stop- go' economi cs, failing to Join the SEC, and excessively appeasing the unions. Therefore, while it is not entirely wasted, it was certainly a time of missed opportunities.

John Updike essays

John Updike essays John Hoyer Updike was born in Shillington, Pennsylvania on March 18, 1942. He was the only child of parents, Wesley Hoyer Updike, and mother, Linda Grove Hoyer. His father was a high school math teacher and his mother was a housewife. In1936, at the age of four John began attending public schools in Shillington. Nine years later, in 1945, on Halloween day he moved with his parents and grandparents to a farm in the town of Plowville, Pennsylvania. Even though John and his family moved to a new town he still attended Shillington public schools. In 1950, at the age of eighteen he graduated from Shillington High School as president and co valedictorian. In the summer of 1950, john began his first real job as a copy boy for the, READING EAGLE, also writing a few lead stories for the paper as well. In the fall of that same year he attended Harvard University, and wrote for the, Harvard Lampoon, a humor magazine. Three years later in 1953, he married Mary E. Pennington on June 26, in Shillington, Pennsylvania. In 1955, his first child was born, Elizabeth, on April 1. Later that year he moved to an apartment in Manhattan and joined The New Yorker, as a staff writer and writes stories for The Talk of the Town sections. Two years later his second child, David was born on January 19. In April that year he left The New Yorker, and moved to Ipswich, MA to concentrate on poetry and fiction. In 1958, his first book published was The Carpentered Hen and Other Tame Creatures, which contained poetry. In 1958 his first novel was published, The Poorhouse Fair. His first book of short stories was published just months after his first novel The Same Door. Then in May of 1959 his third child with Elizabeth, Michael, was born on May 14. In 1960 his fourth and Final child with Elizabeth, was a daughter named, Miranda, whom was born on December 15. He won his first award, the Rosential Fou ...

Bread Mold Lab Report Essays

Bread Mold Lab Report Essays Bread Mold Lab Report Paper Bread Mold Lab Report Paper The purpose of this lab was to test the effect of water on bread mold growth. Hypothesis: hypothesized bread mold would grow faster if the bread was exposed to water. Materials: 1. Bread 2. Plastic cup 3. Water 4. Rubber band 5. Plastic wrap 6. Light 7. Scale 8. Seizers Procedures: Day 1 1. Cut two pieces of bread 1 belly 2. Place the beard in two separate cups 3. Put 1 1 drops of water on one of the pieces of bread 4. Cover cups with plastic wrap 5. Put rubber bands around each cup 6. Place cups on scale to weigh them Day 2 . Observe the mold or any changes to the bread 2. Reweigh bread to see the difference in weight 3. Record your data 4. Dispose of the bread and/or of the mold Data: Both pieces of bread were stale. There was no bread mold on ether pieces of bread. The bread stayed the same size. No change in the color of the bread. Weight of bread before and after a week I Before one week I After one week Dry bread | 5. 5 grams | 5. 5 grams I Moist bread 5. 5 grams 6. 0 grams I Questions: 1 . What does your data show about the effect of your Variable on Rhizomes Roth? The data from my experiment show that 11 drops of water does not help the growth of bread mold. 2. Were you surprised by the results of your experiment? Yes, I was surprised because I thought water would accelerate the growth of bread mold. 3. What part of designing and carrying out an experiment did you find difficult? This was not that hard of an experiment, I did not find one part to be more difficult than the any of the other parts. 4. If you were to do further research into bread mold growth, which of the other variables old you be interested in testing. I would be interested in air as a variable because think it affected my research on water and bread mold. Conclusion: The data does not support my hypothesis on water making bread mold grow faster. I dont think this was a good experiment because we put the bread in an airtight cup by covering the top with plastic wrap and putting a rubber band around it. If this was useable data it would show the 11 drops of water was not near enough water to make bread mold grow any faster.

Budget Requirements Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Budget Requirements - Coursework Example The selected families will be offered free training, education and mentorship programs until they qualify to leave the program. For us to finance all the activities of the organization, we require to have around $100,000. This will enable us to cater for all the services that we will be delivering to our beneficiaries. As indicated in our budget, the available resources will be properly spent. Meaning, all the planned items will be funded as planned. The total number of families will be 50. This is the appropriate number that we will mange to support at this time. Out of these families, each family will be allocated $1,837. This will be enough to cater for all their expenses throughout the year. However, it is from this allocation that we will get the money to provide for all the necessary services and materials that they will be requiring as we enroll them into this program. They will be used for licensing the program, buying the required materials, paying the personnel and catering for any other activity which might be undertaken during the program. For this reason, we will allocate a total of $30,000 for staff salaries. This will be used to remunerate the program coordinator, assistant coordinator, part and full-time instructors who will be directly handling the children. Besides, we will spend $20,000 on training services; $10,000 for technical assistance; $5,000 for acquiring licenses and registering with our national affiliates. At the same time, we will have to spare $10,000 for the development of the program and then use $10,000 to purchase learning materials such as text books. Last, but by no means the least, the remaining $850 will be left for any other expense which might arise, may be because of emergency or such like issues. By doing this, we are assured of a promising career in the NGO

Dome shell structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dome shell structure - Research Paper Example good opportunity to learn more about these historical structures on how their evolvement came about, their practice state in the down of this 21st century. Starting from the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, the Livestock Pavilion in Raleigh, and the Madison Squire Garden in New York all along to the Olympic Stadium in Munich, also from the Pontiac Silver dome found in Michigan Sydney Opera House in Australia plus Haj terminal in Saudi, this unique landmark structures exist. They make us swollen with pride and we are linked by these unique architectural designs (Buckminster Fuller Institute 1). Each structure is a model on its own. Yet the term unique structures cannot be disqualified. Unique structures refer to inventive long span structural systems mainly roofs to the areas to house people. Particularly they incorporate several structures like grids or space frames, cable and strut, geodesic domes, tension membrane and thin shells. Thin shells plus tension membranes, are regarded as form resistant structures, because they oppose loads by desirable quality of their shape. Structures, which oppose load by bending, may be classified by the use of span - depth ratio. Tensile structures are more competent as compared to arches for they do not buckle. Even if efficient in material consumption, they generate greater pull forces at their support (Buckminster Fuller Institute 1). Spain’s Eduardo Torroja is credited for the systematic study of engineering of the shells’ architecture in the 1930s. Felix Cinderella’s work in Mexico ignited this sudden popularity of the shells in the 1950s. His shells were amazing both outwards and for bold engineering. When a 75mm (3 in.) wide shell was regarded daring, Cinderella constructed a hyperbolic parabolic shell with not more than 16 mm (5/8 in.) wideness for the Cosmic Ray Pavilion at the University of Ciudad in Mexico. The following design was that of Esquillan, it is one of the marvelous engineering of the 20th century, whose